I used to work in the oil business, for Castrol, on the product formulation side.
In one way all oils are very similar, you have a specification and any oil that meets that specification meets that specification. With engine oils there are additive package suppliers who test their products to gain specification approval and then will sell the package and a recipe to blenders, like Morris Lubricants. The recipe will have what % of add pack to add to what % of base refined oil to meet the viscosity of the finished oil. So the likes on Miller will have a blending kettle and pour in the ad pack and base oils, then package and market the final blend.
Then there are other companies like Castrol who work with the car manufacturers (as do the ad pack manufacturers) to develop oils for new engines, transmissions etc. With JLR Castrol develop the oils as well as formulate oils to meet specs.
So, to sum up the technology will not be proprietary to the small oil marketers. They just buy in and blend to a recipe. Additive package companies tend to minimise cost to maximise profits, so the products are usually developed to just barely meet specification rather than exceed them. The larger lube brands of Mobil and Castrol do usually design and own the technology they market. You can find lots of Mobil or Castol lube patents, you won't find any Miller Oils patents. For that reason, I will normally go for premium brand over small independent.
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